ABSTRACT:
This review article provides an exhaustive examination of the phenomenological research approach, a qualitative methodology that delves into the complexities of human experiences, perceptions, and behaviours. The article commences with an overview of data collection methods, including in-depth interviews, focus groups, and written descriptions, which facilitate the gathering of rich, contextualized qualitative data. A pivotal aspect of this review is the elucidation of techniques and steps involved in phenomenological data analysis. The article presents a comparative analysis of data analysis methods propounded by renowned authors, highlighting the nuances and distinctions between these approaches. Furthermore, the concept of bracketing, a crucial technique in phenomenological research, is explored in depth, emphasizing its role in suspending researcher biases and assumptions. To ensure the rigour and trustworthiness of phenomenological research, the article concludes with a discussion on validity and truthfulness measures. These measures include strategies for promoting credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability, thereby enhancing the overall quality and reliability of the research findings. This review article serves as a valuable resource for researchers, scholars, and practitioners seeking to employ phenomenological research methods in their studies. By providing a comprehensive overview of the phenomenological research approach, this article aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of this qualitative methodology and its applications in various fields.
Cite this article:
Sushmita Mishra, Namita Batra. Data Collection and Analysis in Phenomenological approach. International Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2025;13(3):193-0. doi: 10.52711/2454-2660.2025.00040
Cite(Electronic):
Sushmita Mishra, Namita Batra. Data Collection and Analysis in Phenomenological approach. International Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2025;13(3):193-0. doi: 10.52711/2454-2660.2025.00040 Available on: https://ijneronline.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2025-13-3-12
REFRENCES:
1. Bhandari, P. What Is Qualitative Research? | Methods and Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
2. Grossoehme DH. Overview of qualitative research. J Health Care Chaplain. 2014; 20(3): 109-22. doi: 10.1080/08854726.2014.925660.
3. Qutoshi S. Phenomenology: a philosophy and method of inquiry. J Educ Educ Dev. 2018;5(1):215–22. doi:10.22555/joeed.v5i1.2154.
4. Bliss LA. Phenomenological Research: Inquiry to Understand the Meanings of People’s Experiences. Int J Adult Vocat Educ Technol. 2016; 7(3). doi: 10.4018/IJAVET.2016070102.
5. Kalia R, Pareek B. Textbook of Nursing Research and Biostatistics for UG and PG Nursing Students. 1st ed. Vision Health Publisher; 2020.
6. Nkosi C, Mabasa L, Themane M. Exploring the use of Heidegger’s Phenomenological Approach to Delve Into the Learning Experiences of Homosexual Learners in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Int J Qual Methods. 2023; 22: 16094069231199906. doi: 10.1177/16094069231199906.
7. Rai, Ajeet and Singh, Amar. (2022). Deciphering assumptions of Phenomenology.
8. Alhazmi AA, Kaufmann A. Phenomenological Qualitative Methods Applied to the Analysis of Cross-Cultural Experience in Novel Educational Social Contexts. Front Psychol. 2022 Apr 25;13:785134. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134.
9. Hwa jin Lee. The Lived Experience of Clinical Nurse Specialist: A Phenomenological Study. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2018; 11(3): 857-862.
10. Heidegger M. Being and Time. Translated by Macquarrie J, Robinson E. New York: Harper and Row; 1962.
11. Charmaz K. Good Days, Bad Days: The Self in Chronic Illness and Time. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 1991.
12. Sampoornam. W. Hermeneutic circle focusing lived experience of Breast Cancer Survivorship- A Phenomenological Approach. Asian J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2015;5(3): 439-442.
13. Husserl E. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology. London: Allen and Unwin; 1913.
14. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception. New York: Routledge; 1945.
15. Van Manen M. Researching Lived Experience. Albany: State University of New York Press; 1990.
16. Ratcliffe M. Experiences of Depression: a Study in Phenomenology. Oxford University Press; 2015.
17. Sartre, J. P. Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. Translated by Hazel E. Barnes. New York: Philosophical Library, 1943.
18. Barnard, K. The Lived Experience of Chronic Pain. Journal of Pain Research. 2019; 12: 1275-1286. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S204508
19. Moran D. The phenomenology of the social world. Metodo. 2017; 5(1): 99-142. doi: 10.19079/metodo.5.1.99.
20. Berger, P.L. and Luckmann, T. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Doubleday and Company, New York.1966.
21. Brittain K, Corner L, Robinson L, Bond J. Ageing in place and technologies of place: the lived experience of people with dementia in changing social, physical and technological environments. Sociol Health Illn. 2010; 32(2): 272-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01203.x.
22. Bentz VM, Shapiro JJ. Mindful Inquiry in Social Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998.
23. . Lester S. An introduction to phenomenological research. Taunton: Stan Lester Developments; 1999.
24. Creswell, J. W., and Miller, D. L. Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory Into Practice. 2000; 39(3): 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
25. Ebtsam Aly Abou Hashish, Wa'ad Aljuaid, Ohud Almuzaini. Saudi Nursing Students Attitudes towards Patient Safety and the Influencing Factors. A Quantitative and Qualitative Study at the College of Nursing- Jeddah
26. Bogdan RC, Biklen SK. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2007.
27. Sayrs L. Inter Views: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing: Steinar Kvale. Am J Eval. 1998; 19: 267-270. doi: 10.1016/S1098-2140(99)80208-2.
28. Hannes K, Hendricks L, et al. Being Creative with Resources in Qualitative Research. In: The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Design. Sage; 2022. doi: 10.4135/9781529770278.n19.
29. Bliss LA. Phenomenological Research: Inquiry to Understand the Meanings of People's Experiences. Int J Adult Vocat Educ Technol. 2016; 7(3): 14-26. doi: 10.4018/IJAVET.2016070102.
30. Bryman A. Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press; 2016.
31. Patton, M. Q. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Sage Publications.2002.
32. Smith, J. The Experience of Living with a Rare Genetic Disorder. Journal of Genetic Counseling. 2020; 29(2): 247-256.
33. Krueger RA, Casey MA. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. USA Sage Publications; 2015.
34. Obikunle AF, Ade-Oshifogun B. Perspectives of African American women about barriers to breast cancer prevention and screening practices: A qualitative study. Afr J Reprod Health. 2022; 26(7): 22-28. doi: 10.29063/ajrh2022/v26i7.3. PMID: 37585144.
35. Fahad Tanweer. Group Discussion Personal Interview (GDPI) – A Step Closer to the Reckoning. Research J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2015; 6(1): 13-17
36. Kassianos A. The use of telephone interviews in qualitative psychology research: A reflective methodological exercise. QMIP Bulletin. 2014; 18: 23-26. doi: 10.53841/bpsqmip.2014.1.18.23..
37. Davis, M., et al. Examining the Impact of Social Isolation on Mental Health among Older Adults. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 2020; 75(4): 631-638.
38. Kvale S. Doing Interviews. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd; 2007. doi: 10.4135/9781849208963.
39. Rubin HJ, Rubin IS. Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2012.
40. Klinke M, Fernandez A. Taking phenomenology beyond the first-person perspective: conceptual grounding in the collection and analysis of observational evidence. Phenomenol Cogn Sci. 2022; 22: 1-21. doi: 10.1007/s11097-021-09796-1..
41. Bincy George, Vasantha Singarayan, Lalitha A. V. Comparison of Central Line Care Practice of Staff Nurses before and after Implementation of Guidelines. Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2019; 9(3): 361-364.
42. D. Tagoore Vijayalakshmi, K. Asha, B. Uma Mounika, K. Nani Babu. An Evaluation of quality of life in patients on concurrent Chemo radiotherapy with Cisplatin in Head and Neck Cancer- A Prospective Observational Study. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2018; 8(1): 21-31.
43. Wertz F. Giorgi, A. (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology: A modified Husserlian approach. rJ Phenomenol Psychol. 2010; 41: 269-276. doi: 10.1163/156916210X526079.
44. Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention. J Hosp Infect. 2009; 73(4): 305-315. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.04.019. PMID: 19720430.
45. McCabe C. Nurse-patient communication: An exploration of patients' experiences. J Clin Nurs. 2004; 13(1): 41-49. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00823.x.
46. Moustakas C. Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage Publications; 1994.
47. Giorgi A. Phenomenology and Psychological Research. Duquesne University Press; 1985.
48. Husserl E. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Northwestern University Press; 1936.
49. Heidegger M. Being and Time. Harper and Row; 1927.
50. Opie I, Opie P. Children's Games in Street and Playground. Oxford University Press; 1969.
51. Boccagni P, Schrooten M. Participant Observation in Migration Studies: An Overview and Some Emerging Issues. 2018.
52. Desmond M. Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. Crown Publishers; 2016.
53. Gold RL. Roles in sociological field observations. Soc Forces. 1958; 36(3): 217-223.
54. Desjarlais R. Shelter Blues: Sanity and Selfhood among the Homeless. University of Pennsylvania Press; 1997.
55. Junker BH. Field Work: An Introduction to the Social Sciences. University of Chicago Press; 1960.
56. Mackintosh N. Communication in nursing: An observational study. J Clin Nurs. 2018; 27(11-12): 2365-2375.
57. McCall GJ, Simmons JL. Issues in Participant Observation: A Text and Reader. Addison-Wesley; 1969.
58. Wolcott HF. Ethnographic Research in Education. Rowman and Littlefield; 2018.
59. Webb EJ, Campbell DT, Schwartz RD, Sechrest L. Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Rand McNally; 1966.
60. Lee S, Kim H. Lived Experience of Older Adults with Chronic Pain: A Phenomenological Study. J Pain Res. 2020; 13: 1275-1287. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S258317.
61. Hammersley M. The concept of validity in qualitative research. Int J Qual Stud Educ. 2018; 31(1): 1-14.
62. Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday; 1959.
63. Visual Methodologies in Qualitative Research. doi: 10.1177/1609406917748215.
64. Lee S, et al. Visualizing the Daily Lives of Older Adults with Dementia. J Appl Gerontol. 2019; 38(10): 1421-1443.
65. Haight WE, et al. Photovoice with refugee children. J Refugee Stud. 2014; 27(2): 151-172.
66. Creswell JW. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Sage Publications; 2017.
67. Bates DW, et al. Analysis of medical records to improve patient safety. J Patient Saf. 2014; 10(2): 71-76.
68. Yin RK. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publications; 2014.
69. Mosher CE, DuBose RV, Jones BL. The lived experience of breast cancer survivors. J Clin Nurs. 2020; 29(11-12): 2211-2219. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15263.
70. International Centre for Medical Education and Research (ICMER). Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in Medical Research. ICMER; 2019.
71. Stenberg U, Moser A, Dahlberg K. The lived experience of individuals with chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2022; 15: 1275-1286. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S355116.
72. Hong X, Yamaguchi H, Takahashi M. The lived experience of family caregivers of individuals with dementia. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2022; 65(4): 431-444. doi: 10.1080/01634372.2022.2030666.
73. M. Marie Rosy. A Study to assess the Knowledge on Ethical considerations in research among Health Sciences Teaching Faculty under Kerala University of Health Sciences. Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2019; 7(3): 337-343.
74. Morse JM. The significance of saturation. Qual Health Res. 1995; 5(2): 147-149.
75. Uma Perwal, Sunita Lawrence. Legal and Ethical issues in Nursing Research. International Journal of Advances in Nursing Management. 2024; 12(1): 47-9.
76. Glaser BG, Strauss AL. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research.1967.
77. Kiran Panthri. A Descriptive Study to assess the level of Knowledge regarding Consequences of Internet Addiction among Adolescents in SGRR Public School, Patel Nagar, Dehradun. Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2020; 10(1): 1- 4.
78. Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications; 1985.
79. Fusch PI, Ness LR. Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. Qual Rep. 2015; 20(9): 1408-1416.
80. P. Natchammal, B. Thangapappa, E. Devakirubai. A Qualitative Study to Explore the Impact of Hyperandrogenism among young female adults at selected colleges of Madurai. International Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2025; 13(2): 91-6.
81. Denzin NK, Lincoln YS. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Sage Publications; 2000.
82. Miles MB, Huberman AM. Qualitative Data Analysis. Sage Publications; 1994.
83. Morse JM. Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qual Health Res. 2015; 25(9).
84. Sandelowski M. Focus on qualitative methods: Sample size in qualitative research. Res Nurs Health. 1995; 18(2):179-183.
85. Carpenter DR. Phenomenology as method. In: Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR, editors. Qualitative Research in Nursing: Advancing the Humanistic Imperative. Lippincott; 2007. p. 75-99.
86. Ahern KJ. Pearls, Pith, and Provocation: Ten Tips for Reflexive Bracketing. Qual Health Res. 1999;9(3):407-411.
87. Cutcliffe J. Reconsidering Reflexivity: Introducing the Case for Intellectual Entrepreneurship. Qual Health Res. 2003; 13(1): 136-148.
88. Rolls L, Relf M. Bracketing Interviews: Addressing Methodological Challenges in Qualitative Interviewing in Bereavement and Palliative Care. Mortality. 2006;11(3):286-305.
89. Tufford L, Newman P. Bracketing in Qualitative Research. Qual Soc Work. 2010; 11: 80-96. doi: 10.1177/1473325010368316.
90. Sutton J, Austin Z. Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2015; 68(3): 226-231. doi: 10.4212/cjhp.v68i3.1456.
91. Smith JA. Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychol Health. 1996; 11(2): 261-271. doi: 10.1080/08870449608400256.
92. Larkin M, Watts S, Clifton E. Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qual Res Psychol. 2006; 3(2): 102-120.
93. Priest H. An approach to the phenomenological analysis of data. Nurse Res. 2002; 10(2): 50-63. doi: 10.7748/nr2003.01.10.2.50.c5888.
94. Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2012.
95. Loh J. Inquiry into Issues of Trustworthiness and Quality in Narrative Studies: A Perspective. Qual Rep. 2013; 18: 1-15. doi: 10.46743/2160-3715/2013.1477.