Manjula K V
PC BSc Nursing, M.Sc. in Psychology. Nursing Tutor JSS School of Nursing, Mysore.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: chandanamadappa2000@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Zika virus infection is a mosquito borne diseases like Dengue and Chikungunya viruses. Aedes mosquito born diseases have become major risk to the Human population. This virus was found in the Zika forest that is the reason it is called Zika virus. It was isolated from a Rhesus monkey in April 1947, in Uganda. It was a major epidemic in French Polynesia and New Caledonia between 2013 to 2014, after its spread to Mexico, Central and south America it’s become Pandemic. In November 2015, the Ministry of Health of Brazil published an announcement confirming the relationship between Zika virus and Microcephaly. In India Zika virus is confirmed in 2017, three cases in Ahmedabad Gujarat and One case in Krishnagiri District of Tamil Nadu. Again 2018 in the month of September one case were found in women in Jaipur, Rajasthan state. After NCDC (National center for Disease control) screenings around Shastri Nagar area fond 157 cases, including 63 pregnant women. Zika virus is transmitted through the Mosquito, sexual activities, vertical transmission, and Blood. Clinical manifestations are just like DENV and CHIKV along with Microcephaly, and Other Neurological problems. Zika virus Diagnosed by RTPCR and IgM. Management of Zika virus is symptomatic treatment and rest. Here prevention is better than treatment so we should prevent the mosquito bites through effective removal of breeding places.
KEYWORDS: Zika Virus.
INTRODUCTION:
Aedes mosquito borne diseases have become one of the major threats to human population. Zika virus infection is a mosquito borne illness like dengue and Chikungunya virus1.
Zika was first isolated from a Rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest, Uganda, in April 19422.
The major epidemic in French Polynesia in October 2013 and in New Caledonia in January 2014. The virus started spreading Eastward across the Pacific Ocean.
Zika virus became pandemic level after its spread to Mexico, Central America and South America. Between May and November 2015 approximately 1.3 million people were confirmed with Zika infection, in that 4000 cases of Zika associated Microcephaly from different parts of South America3
In November 2015, the Ministry of Health of Brazil published an announcement confirming the relationship between Zika virus and the Microcephaly. In India; Zika virus infection is confirmed in 2017, three cases in Ahmedabad Gujarat and one case in Krishnagiri District of Tamil Nadu4.
On 21 September 2018, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India reported Zika infection in a 78 year old woman in Jaipur, Rajasthan state. On 2 November 2018, 157 cases have been identified, including 63 pregnant women5.
On July 8th 2021 Kerala reported first case of ZIKA virus infection and it was 61 on July 29th6.
Zika Virus:
It is under the genus Flavivirus and closely related to yellow fever. ZIKA is transmitted by arthropod vectors is called arbovirus. This virus found in the ZIKA Forest that is the reason called as ZIKA virus.
Transmission it is spread in a mosquito –human-mosquito. It is transmitted by bite of Aedes mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. [Vector-born infection] These are daytime active and aggressive biters. Some reports of sexual transmission. Vertical transmission [detection ZIKA RNA in the amniotic fluid of fetus and a possible link between Zia fever and microcephaly in newborn]
Clinical Manifestation:
Incubation period from mosquito bite to symptom onset is 3-12 days. About 80% cases are asymptomatic. Symptoms are like Arbovirus infections [DENV AND CHIKV]Mild headache and followed by maculopapular rash[neck ,face, trunk, and upper arms and spread to palms and soles]Fever, malaise, dizziness, joint pain, Diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, anorexia,Myalgia,vomiting,edema,Conjunctivitis and retro orbital pain .Zika infection during pregnancy can cause a serious birth defect Microcephaly and other Neurologic condition [GBS, Guillain- Barre-syndrome]
Microcephaly is condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. Head circumference less than 32cm at birth Microcephaly:
How Zika Virus Cuase Microcephaly:
The Zika virus attacks and destroys brain stem cells during developmental period causing incomplete brains and missing parts linked with the following problems, Seizures, Developmental delay problems such as milestones [sitting, standing and walking, speech] Intellectual disability, Problems with movement and balance, Feeding problems [swallowing]Hearing loss and vision problem.
Zika Virus and Guillain Barre Syndrome:
On October 5, 2015 a study was conducted by consortium of doctors and scientists from Colombia and Johns Hopkins Hospital examined 68 patients from 6 Colombia Hospitals. On that 68 Guillian- Barre patients and 66 had symptoms of Zika infection before they came down with GBS.
Risk Factors:
Recent history of travel to an area with active Zika virus, living in an infected area, unprotected sex with a person
Diagnosis of Zika Virus:
RT-PCR: Serum blood, Body fluids [urine, vaginal fluids, saliva, semen] to detection of RNA, IgM anti Zika virus (ELISA)
Other Test:
Complete blood count (lymphopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) Inflammatory markers (C - reactive protein, fibrinogen, ferritin), DENV and CHIK VIRUS.
Management:
Supportive and symptomatic treatment, Rest, Fluids to prevent dehydration, Antipyretics, Analgesics – to relive pain and fever, Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used carefully because there is a chance of bleeding in case of DENGUE.
Prevention:
Prevent the mosquito bites through effective removal of breeding sites. (Avoid stagnant water in bucket, flowerpots, tyres, coconut shell etc.) Reducing the mosquito –human interaction, Use of insects repellents, bed nets, dress cover most of the body parts, Using physical barriers such as window screen, don’t open the doors and window unnesscery, Travellers should take the basic precautions to protect themselves from mosquitos, Ovoid women and pregnant women travelling to the affected countries, Safe sexual Measures, and counseling.
Pregnant women are being screened and provided information on Zika virus infection and prevention. Advice routine antenatal checkup and ultrasound examination to detect the microcephaly.
Immunization:
There is no vaccine and specific treatment for ZIKA virus.
ABBREVIATIONS:
RNA= Ribonucleic Acid
DENV=Dengue virus
CHIKV=Chikungunya
RTPCR=Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
ELISA=Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
IgM=Immunoglobulin M
GBS=Guillain-Barre syndrome
NCDC=National center for Disease control
CONCLUTION:
ZIKA virus can be prevented by using preventive measures like Mosquito Born Diseases ,Till today in our India not found serious situation , research is going on to find out relation between Zika virus and Microcephaly, and the Immunization for the ZIKA virus.
REFERENCE:
1. Indian J Med Res, 2017 NOV; 146(5): 572-575.
2. Braze J Infect Dis vol.20 no.3 Salvador May/June 2016
3. Indian J Med Res, 2016 May; 143(5): 553-564.
4. Emerg Infect Dis 2016Jul; 22(7): 1185-1192
5. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/zika/india-november-2018/en/
6. https://www.livemint.com
Received on 14.08.2021 Modified on 20.09.2021
Accepted on 09.10.2021 © A&V Publications all right reserved
Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2022; 10(1):91-93.
DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2022.00021