INTRODUCTION:

Woman is referred to an adult human female belonging to a specified occupation group and nationality. Women and man together constitute the social, economic and political reality of any society.

The relationship between men and women in term of rights and power in various factors of life is culturally determined by society. Women are important in our society we all know every women has own job or duty in this modern society but we can’t forget that women’s life is a lot more complicated than man’s life especially married women.

Cambridge English Dictionary define married women as a” wife who has married a man with whom she has been living for some time (especially if she is pregnant at the time) homemaker, housewife, lady of the house, woman of the house a wife who manages a household.”

Violence against women is a universal phenomenon that persists in all countries of the world. Women and girls are vulnerable to several forms of violence throughout their life. The more prevalent form of violence against females worldwide is domestic violence. Domestic violence can be described as the power misused by one adult in a relationship to control another. It is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. This violence can take the form of physical assault, psychological abuse, social abuse, financial abuse, or sexual assault. The frequency of the violence can be on and off, occasional or chronic.¹

NEED OF THE STUDY:

India possessed several communities which are distinct in their culture. In several places of India, violence faced by women on a regular basis goes unreported even in newspapers. Statistic Report:- Worldwide-according to WHO,1 in 3 (35%) of women worldwide have experienced either physical or sexual violence. Prevalence of domestic violence is in western 24.6%, eastern 37%. South 37%. ²

Figure I Prevalence of Domestic violence among women from six countries.

Data from leung c & Cheung C. a prevalence study on partner abuse in six Asian American groups in the USA has revealed that the prevalence of domestic violence from Vietnam and Filipino are high and from India and Korea shows significantly high domestic violence among women. the least prevalence from Japan and china. In India the prevalence of domestic violence Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband, India 2015-16²

Table:2 National Family Health Survey 2015-16 Domestic violence prevalence among 79,729 women in India.

	Physical violence	Sexual violence	Emotional violence
India	29.8	6.6	13.8
North Delhi	26.5	5.9	13.1
Central Chhattisgarh	36.0	6.2	15.2
East Bihar	40.9	12.9	20.5
West Maharashtra	20.9	2.1	9.8
South Puducherry	30.5	9.6	23.5

Domestic violence was recognized as a criminal offence in India in 1983. The offence chargeable under section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code that relates to domestic violence is any act of cruelty by a husband (or his family) towards his wife. However, until recently, there was no separate civil law addressing the specific complexities associated with domestic violence, including the embedded nature of violence within familial networks, the need for protection and maintenance of abused women, and the fact that punishment and imprisonment for the husband may not be the best resolution in every case.³

Accordingly, after a decade-long process of consultations and revisions, a comprehensive domestic violence law, known as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005, took effect in 2006. Key elements of the law include the prohibition of marital rape and the provision of protection and maintenance orders against husbands and partners who are emotionally, physically, or economically abusive. Based on this report the researcher wants to study domestic violence among women.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

A study to assess the prevalence of domestic violence among married women in selected village Derol, Bharuch.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1. To assess the prevalence of domestic violence in each domain among married women.

2. To associate the level of Domestic violence with selected demographic variables.

HYPOTHESIS:

H1: There will be significant association between demographic variables and domestic violence among married women.

H0: There is no significant association between demographic variable and domestic violence among married women

METHODOLOGY:

Research approach:

In this study the quantitative approach was considered.

Research design:

In this study Descriptive research design was utilized to achieve the objectives of the study.

Variables of the Study:

In this study, research variables refers to the prevalence of domestic violence among married women in Derol village.

Demographic variables:

In this study demographic variables which are: Age of women, occupation of husband, occupation of wife, education of husband, education of wife, type of marriage, type of family, habits of husband, health of wife.

Setting:

The setting is the location, where the study was conducted. The study was conducted atDerol village of Bharuch district.

Population:

A population is the entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristics and interest to the researcher population of this study will comprise Derol village of Bharuch district. The target population for the study is married women of Bharuch district.

The accessible population for the study is married women of Derol village in Bharuch district.

Sample:

Sample is the small portion of the study selected to conduct study. The sample of present study comprised married women of the Derol village.

Sample size:

In this study the sample comprised of 300 married women of the Derol village.

Sampling technique:

Sampling is method of selecting a group from the population to represent the entire population in this study, the simple random sampling technique was used, and total 4532 houses are there in the Derol village. Houses were selected through lottery method after collecting all house number.

Sampling Criteria:

Inclusion criteria:

1. Women residing at Derol village.

2. Women who are married and in the age group 18-65 years.

3. Women who are present at the time of data collection.

4. Women who are willing to participate.

Exclusion criteria:

1. Women who are sick at the time of data collection.

2. Women who are visiting guest of the designated house

Data collection procedure:

Permission has taken from Village health officer of Derol and counted the house. Simple random sampling method was used to select the house. Administered Rating scale to each woman from each home that were met eligible criteria after got individual informed consent. After the data collection, thank each participant and left the home.

Data Analysis:

Descriptive and inferential statistical method was used to describe and associate the data.

Ethical Consideration:

Institution ethical clearance have done

Human rights:

Individual Informed consent got from each participant.

Analysis and Interpretation:

The following results were tabulated according to objective of the present study.

1. To assess the prevalence of domestic violence among married women.

2. To assess different forms of demographic variable and identify it’ s associated factors.

Figure: 2 Age Group and Domestic Violence

In Figure 2 the 107(35.6) of respondents were in the age group of 21-30yrs, 109 (36.33%) of respondents in the age group of 31-40yrs and 62(20.6%) of respondents in the age group of 41-50 yrs and 18 (6%) of respondents in the age group of 51-60yrs and 4(2%) of respondents in the age group of above 60.

Figure: 3 Occupation of Husband and Domestic Violence

In Figure 3 the relation to occupation of husband 124(41.33%) of respondents to having office job, 101(33.66) of respondents to working as a labour, 69(23%) of respondents to working as a farmer, 06(2%) of respondents to having no job (unemployed).

Figure: 4 Occupation of wife and Domestic Violence

In Figure 4 the relation to occupation of wife 21(7%) of respondents to working as a office job, 58(19.33%) 58 of respondents to working as a labour 221(73.66%) of respondents to working as a house wife.

Figure: 5 Education of both spouse and Domestic Violence

In Figure 5 Regarding education of husband 29(9.6%) of respondents are illiterate, 98(32.66) of respondents are educated between 1 to 8 std, 115(38.33%) of respondents are 10th pass, 39(13%) of respondents are 12th pass, 19(6.3%) of respondents are graduate

Regarding education of wife 79(26.33%) of respondents are illiterate, 121(40.33%) of respondents are educate between 1 to 8 std, 63(21%) of respondents are 10th pass, 27(9%) of respondents are 12th pass, 10(3.3%) respondents are graduate.

Figure: 6 Type of Marriage and Domestic Violence

Figure 6 says that 274(91.3%) of respondents are having arrange marriage, 20(6.6%) of respondents are having love marriage, 06(2%) of respondents are having forced marriage

Figure:7 Type of family and Domestic Violence

In Figure 7 says 195(65%) of respondents belongs from joint family, 105(35%) of respondents are belongs from nuclear family.

Figure: 7 Occupation of wife and Domestic Violence

In Figure 7 says 37(12.33%) of respondents husbands are having smoking habit, 104(34.66%) of respondents husband are having alcohol habit, 81(27%) of respondents husband are having other substance abuse habits. 112(37.33%) of respondents husband are having no habits

Figure:8 Health of wife and Domestic Violence

Figure: 9 Domestic Violence prevalence from physical, Sexual and Emotional Domains

Table2 Association between Domestic violence and Demographic Variables

Demographic Variable	Mean	Frequency	DF	X² value	Significance
Age
21-30yr	0.35	107	8	6.34	Nil Significance
31-40 yr	0.36	109
41-50 yr	0.20	62
51-60 yr	0.06	18
Above 60	0.013	4
Occupation of Husband
Office job	0.413	124	6	3.567	Nil Significance
Labour	0.336	101
Farmer	0.23	69
Unemployed	0.02	06
Occupation of wife
Office job	0.07	21	4	10.729	Significant P (0.05)
Labour	0.193	58
House wife	0.736	221
Education of husband
Illiterate	0.096	29	8	17.157	Significant P (0.05)
1-8 std	0.326	98
10th pass	0.386	115
12th pass	0.13	39
Graduate	0.063	19
Education of wife
Illiterate	0.261	79	8	18.347	Significant P (0.05)
1-8std	0.403	121
10th pass	0.21	63
12th pass	0.09	27
Graduate	0.03	10
Type of marriage
Arrange marriage	0.913	274	4	10.813	Significant P (0.05)
Love marriage	0.06	20
Forced marriage	0.02	6
Type of family
joint	0.65	195	2	1.478	Nil significant
Nuclear	0.35	105
Habits of husband
Smoking	0.123	37	6	25.67	Highly Significant P (0.001)
Alcohol	0.376	104
Other substance abuse	0.27	81
none	0.37	112
Health of wife
Healthy	0.96	288	4	2.451	Nil significant
Handicap	0.013	4
Chronic illness	0.026	8

In Figure 8 says 288(96%) of respondents are healthy, 04(1.3%) of respondents are handicap, 08(2.6%) of respondents are suffering from chronic illness.

Figure 9 says that 71% of women undergone emotional violence from the husband and 13% women are suffering from physical violence and 15% are suffering from sexual violence.

Table 2 reveals that there is a significant association between Occupation of Wife, Education of Husband and wife and type of Marriage and domestic violence with P value of 0.05. There is the highly significant between Habits of husband and Domestic violence with P value of 0.001. There is no significant association between Occupation of Husband, Type of Family and Health wife and Domestic Violence.

DISCUSSION:

Objective 171% of women undergone emotional violence from the husband and 13% women are suffering from physical violence and 15% are suffering from sexual violence. The similar study has done in form of survey by National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998–99: India published on International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro. 2000. Mumbai: IIPS with sample covers more than 99 percent of India’s population living in all 26 states approximately 90,000 ever-married women in the age group 15–49. Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire and the Village Questionnaire were used by National Family Health Survey. Findings shows that overall, in India 35 percent of women have experienced physical or sexual violence aged15-49; Out of it ever married women having 40% and Never married women Were in 17% There is no difference with rural area or Urban area regarding physical and sexual violence. The peak age group of sufferers from 30-39 with compare of other age group in the proportion of women who have experienced only physical violence, as well as those who have experienced both physical and sexual violence, or have experienced physical or sexual violence. Sexual violence is highest for women in the age-groups 15-19 and 20-24. In all states, however, physical violence alone tends to be the most common form of violence. Sexual violence rarely occurs without physical violence. In this present study physical and sexual violence were reported lesser than emotional violence.³

The above supported study shows that Sixteen percent of ever-married women report having experienced emotional violence. Husband had said or done something to humiliate them in front of others said by 13 %, 8 percent said that their husband had insulted them or made them feel bad about themselves, and 5 percent said that their husband threatened to hurt or harm them or someone close to them. The majority are reporting any emotional violence.

Emotional violence was common among all age group of women. There was no disparity in receiving emotional violence regardless of their education and occupational status. The emotional violence has received by women with arranged marriage or love marriage was same may be range abuse were differ. In Indian culture men play an important role in getting

The similar study has conducted by Institute of alcohol studied 2011/12 crime survey for England and Wales the results shows that found 2.5% of female had reported experiencing some form of sexual assault with intimate partners.

Objective 2 To associate the level of Domestic violence and selected demographic variables. In this present study reveals that there is a significant association between Occupation of Wife, Education of Husband and wife and type of Marriage and domestic violence with P value of 0.05. There is the highly significant between Habits of husband and Domestic violence with P value of 0.001. There is no significant association between Occupation of Husband, Type of Family and Health wife and Domestic Violence.

The similar study has done by Stephen Adebowale2018 on Spousal age difference and associated predictors of intimate partner’s violence in Nigeria. The result shows The domestic violence has reduced among women when spousal age difference morebecause in such circumstances man is behaving mature than his wife, and thus help the husband to tolerate shortcoming of his wife.⁵

Regarding habits of Husband There is the highly significant with Domestic violence with P value of 0.001. The similar study has done by Berg, M. J., Kremelberg, D., Dwivedi, P., Verma, S., Schensul, J. J., Gupta, K., Chandran, D., & Singh, S. K. (2010) on the effects of husband's alcohol consumption on married women in three low-income areas of Greater Mumbai. AIDS and behavior among 486 married men living with their wives in a low-income area of Greater Mumbai the results shows that Women whose husbands drink alcohol have significantly higher rates of violence than women whose husbands do not drink at all; emotional violence is three times as high, physical violence is more than two times as high, and sexual violence is four times as high for women whose husbands are frequently drunk, compared with women whose husbands do not drink. Notably, the prevalence of emotional, physical, or sexual violence, at 72 percent, for women whose husbands are frequently drunk is also much higher than for women whose husbands drink alcohol but are either never or only sometimes drunk (50-51 percent). The high prevalence of spousal violence even among women whose husbands do not consume alcohol indicates that alcohol consumption is not the only explanation for the high prevalence of spousal violence in India.

Another strong evidence shows that roughly 50% of domestic abused perpetrator where drinking alcohol before assault by BBC News, Population Addicted men records. This may due to Alcoholic dependent may have aggressive behavior and destructiveness.

There is association between Domestic violence and educational status of women there is significance in this study. A similar study has done by Rappd.f zoch, B. Khan, MMh.et al Association between gap in spousal education and domestic violence in India and Bangladesh. Among 4195 in Bangladesh, India. Result shows that negative number indicate a gap in which wife is highly education than her husband. Positive number reveals husband is higher education than wife.38.6 (26935)-illiterate people showing domestics violence against wife.-primary education—16.2(11302)-Secondary education-36.3 (25345)-Higher education-8.9(6215). The result is increasing education level in spouses of both sexes may be effective to reduce domestic violence.⁴

REFERENCE:

1. WHO. Multi country study on Women's health and domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. [Google Scholar]

2. National center on elder abuse. Washington DC: 2005. Fact Sheet: Domestic violence: Older women can be victims too. [Google Scholar]

3. http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Chapter-15-Domestic-Violence.pdf

4. Rapp, D., Zoch, B., Khan, M.M.H. et al. Association between gap in spousal education and domestic violence in India and Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 12, 467 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-467

5. Adebowale, A.S. Spousal age difference and associated predictors of intimate partner violence in Nigeria. BMC Public Health 18, 212 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5118-1

Received on 05.08.2021 Modified on 17.11.2021

Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2022; 10(1):47-52.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2022.00011