A study to assess the level of knowledge regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking among staff nurses at selected Hospitals of Haridwar Uttrakhand
1Lecturer, Shri Swami Bhumanand College of Nursing, Uttarakhand.
2Associate Professor cum Vice Principal Shri Swami Bhumanand College of Nursing, Uttarakhand.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: shaheen111malik@gmail.com
A descriptive study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking among staff nurses at selected Hospitals of Haridwar Uttrakhand A non-experimental research design was used assess the knowledge regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking among staff nurses. The sample consists of 104 staff nurses of selected hospitals who were available at the time of study. Purposive sampling technique was used for selection of samples. The data was collected using self-structured questionnaire. Results depicted that majority of staff nurses had inadequate knowledge regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking. The mean knowledge score was found to be 16.5±6.16. The results also indicated knowledge of staff nurses was found to be significant with years of experience of staff nurses. Hence the study concluded that knowledge of staff nurses were influenced by years’ experience.
KEYWORDS: Knowledge, Staff Nurses, Umbilical cord Stem cell banking.
All living things are made up of a single cell. The smallest, structural and functional unit of human body. Cells divides into two parts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, the prokaryotic cell is found in bacteria while the eukaryotic cell is found in the animal, plants, fungi etc.1 There are two types of cell division known as mitosis and meiosis the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.
Birth of a baby is not only revenues the delivery of new life but also presents a onetime opportunity to save person’s life.2 Antibodies passageway placenta to umbilical cord and this antibodies provide immunity to the baby, month after birth.4
After delivery of the baby this cord will be cut and there is no nerve in the umbilical cord that the reason at the time of cord cutting baby is not painful. Between 5 to 15 days this umbilical cord heals completely.3 Umbilical cord blood is a blood that present in the umbilical cord and placenta .through the umbilical cord blood nutrient supplement passing mother to baby and umbilical cord blood contains stem cell, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma and rich sources of hematopoietic cell.4
Umbilical cord plays a vital and first most important connection between mothers to its developing fetus.5 Umbilical cord carries oxygen and nutrients along with other supplements it is transferred from mother to baby. Baby is connected with mother through umbilical cord Umbilical cord which contains two arteries and one vein.
The length of the umbilical cord is approximately 50 cm.5
Embryonic stem cell are different from the inner cell mass of blastocysts at the time of embryonic development and the formed prior to the implantation in the uterus but the adult stem cell are present in fully develop mammals and this cell act as a repair system for the body and have a tendency to back in previous place at the time of embryonic development .the stem cell can divide in ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm and maintain the normal regenerative organ as like blood, skin or intestinal tissue. 6
Stem cell is different from another cells. Stem cells have a capacity to develop a new same cell. In mammals, there are two types of stem cell, embryonic stem cell and adult stem cells Stem cell may be used to treat more than 80 chronic diseases like cancer, anemia, blood disorder, bone marrow failure syndrome, metabolic disorder, immune disorder, autism etc. Umbilical cord stem cell is also known as regenerative medicine.7
In the year 1868 the German biologist Ernst Haeckel uses the phrase stem cell to describe the fertilized egg. William Sedgwick in year 1886 uses the term “stem cells” to describe the parts of a plant that grows and regenerate. In 2008 first down syndrome was treated through the stem cell.8
Before the 1910, the umbilical cord blood was considered as medical waste, because there were no single study was conducted to show the benefit of umbilical cord blood and no one knew about the umbilical stem cell banking.9 1910, was the Era of umbilical cord blood stem when, umbilical cord blood was first purposed in 1974 and in 1988 the first cord blood transplant occurred in Paris on 6 years old boy, who was suffering from blood disorder. In 1993 first cord blood transplant occurred in North Carolina, USA. But it was not successful. In 2005 umbilical cord blood transplants are successful in children with lymphocyte leukemia.in 2011 family cord blood banking act was pass and 2018 more than thirty thousand cord blood transplants were done around the world and still it is going on.10
First Umbilical Cord Blood bank was started in New York in the year 1992. And worldwide forty four banks are linked to provide bone marrow doners.16 South Arabia was the only country in 2015 that had ten thousand blood donors.11 In India, 72000 deliveries are conducted every day, resulting in discarding seventy two thousand stem cells. India has many banks which provides the services of Umbilical Cord blood cells, like Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, (New Delhi), Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Medanta-The mendacity, Guru gram, Super Specialty Pediatric Hospital and Post Graduate teaching institute, Noida, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi.12
Narayan a Health City, Bangalore, India, D.Y.Patel Medical college, Pune, India, Life Cell International Private Limited 4 East Canal Road Dehradun Uttrakhand.19 The mostly faced problems for those who are interested to use these banks is the cost. The high and in accessible cost of treatment and preservation makes it less available to normal population. As the benefits of umbilical cord is so high and effective, that it may provide benefit at low cost to general population. 13
1. To assess the level of knowledge score regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking among staff nurses.
2. To find the association of knowledge score regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking with selected demographic variables.
Hypothesis (Research hypotheses)
The hypothesis would be tested at the level of significance < 0.05 level.
H1- There will be a significant association between levels of knowledge score and selected demographic variables at p>0.05 level of significant.
The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research. It should give a theoretical base for the research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand.
Zhu Huang, et al 2019 an experimental research was conducted on California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA, the aim of the study is human natural killer cell a effective treatment of anticancer immunotherapy and gained interest in clinical trials. The aims of the study was to an Improved Method to Produce Clinical-Scale Natural Killer Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. the result of the study that pluripotent stem cell having a capacity to treatment of refectory cancer and infectious disease, the researcher adapting the mouse embryonic fibroblast-dependent hESC/hiPSC to feeder-free culture conditions. These feeder-free hESCs/hiPSCs are directly used to form embryoid body (EB) to generate hemato- endothelial precursor cells. This new method produces mature, functional Human natural killer (NK) cells with higher efficiency to enable rapid production of an essentially unlimited number of homogenous NK cells that can be used for standardized, targeted immunotherapy for the treatment of refractory cancers and infectious diseases.14
Ms. Pingale Dipali et al 2019 a quantitative pre- experimental and evaluatory research was conducted on 60 staff nurses in Mumbai. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge score and check the effectiveness of informational booklet regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking. The methodology was used in this study pretest posttest. 60 staff nurses selected through the non- probability convenient sampling technique. The result of the study is show that 17% had a poor knowledge, 37 % had an average knowledge and only 12 % had a good knowledge regarding cord stem cell banking and after providing the information booklet this knowledge was enhance and only 5% staff nurse had a poor knowledge. this study is proof that informational booklet will enhance the knowledge of the staff nurses on umbilical cord stem cell banking.15
Rabaa El-Sayed Shaban et al 2019 Quasi-experimental study was conducted in Tanta University Egypt. The aims of the study were to evaluate the effect of education programme on perception and practice of the nursing students regarding the cord blood collection technique and stem cell. 120 students were selected through the convenient sampling technique. The methods of data collection was used in this study is Socio-demographic data and Structured questionnaire. The result of the study was 39.2% had a poor knowledge but after the three month of intervention the students had 89.2% knowledge and 92% has a positive attitude regarding cord blood collection and stem cell., there was a statistically significant improvement that education intervention enhances the knowledge of nursing student.16
Vishal Gupta et al 2019 a cross-sectional study was conducted on 154 in Mangalore India. The aim of this study was to assess the current status of obstetricians about Umbilical cord blood banking in terms of their awareness, attitude, and expectations. The methods of data collection was used for this study was a self- administered 22-item questionnaire .The methods of data collection was used for this study convenient sampling technique. The result of this study is shows that 35% obstetrician had a very poor knowledge, 41% had a poor knowledge and 24% had an average knowledge. this study concluded that obstetricians also a poor knowledge they are still not very clear about the donation of Umbilical cord blood to public banks. 17
David T. Harris, et al 2019 an experimental study in (Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, America. The aims of the study were to assess the Collection, Processing, and Banking of Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells for Clinical Use in Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine. The method of collection 195,000 collections procedure was used in this study. The result of this study is show that collection, processing, and banking of CB for immediate or future clinical use can be reproducibly performed with the proper methodology. Many individuals elect to bank cord blood for its potential use in the treatment of cancer and genetic blood disorders, more and more clients are banking upon uses that are only now coming to light.18
E Jee Leng et al 2019 a cross-sectional study was conducted on School of Health Sciences, University Sains Malaysia 2Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore. The aims of this study were to determine the association between nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward the application of stem cells in medicine in a tertiary teaching hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia. 97 nurses trained in midwifery and neonatology selected through the random sampling technique.the method of data collection through the self-administered questionnaire and 5point Likert scale. The result of the study shows that 87% had a moderate knowledge and 61% ad a positive attitude regarding therapeutic potential in medicine. This study concluded that nurses' knowledge toward stem cells is moderate but they have a positive attitude in wanting more information about, and exposure to, the benefits of stem cell research and use. The study is suggest that nurses need for in service education programme related to stem cells to develop nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practice in order to fit this current trend in health care.19
This study attempts to find the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding knowledge score regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking among staff nurses. The investigator has employed the Quantitative and non-experimental research approaches. This may be done by asking question .the investigator employed non-experimental research approaches in this study to assess the level of knowledge among staff nurses regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking.
The investigator has employed the non-experimental design. The design used in this study Descriptive research design where the aim of this research is to be generate new facts is largely non experimental. it is especially suited to such studies since description implies natural observation of the characteristics of research subject without deliberate manipulation of the variables or control over the research setting.
The study has analysed the assess the level of knowledge among staff nurses regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking.
Instruments termed as “self-structured questionnaire on knowledge knowledge among staff nurses regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking “was used to assess the level of knowledge among staff nurses regarding umbilical cord stem cell banking and other section consist of socio demographic variables. In this way there were two tools used
1. Socio demographic profile
2. closed ended question
Prior written permission was obtained from concerned authority. Informed consent obtained from the participants. Data was collected from 104 staff nurses with selected hospital, who are available at the time of study, purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of samples. The data was collected through self-structured questionnaire.
Table No. 1 Frequency and percentage distribution of Demographic variables N= 104
|
S. No |
Demographic Variables |
Frequency (F) |
(%) |
|
1. |
Age in years |
|
|
|
20-25 |
63 |
61% |
|
|
26-31 |
41 |
39% |
|
|
2. |
Gender |
|
|
|
Male |
31 |
30% |
|
|
Female |
73 |
70% |
|
|
3. |
Qualification |
|
|
|
Diploma in nursing |
85 |
82% |
|
|
Graduation in nursing |
19 |
18% |
|
|
4. |
Working area |
|
|
|
General ward |
30 |
29% |
|
|
Critical ward |
74 |
71% |
|
|
5. |
Experience in years |
|
|
|
1 month -2.5 |
92 |
88% |
|
|
2.6-5 |
12 |
12% |
|
|
6. |
Previous Information |
|
|
|
Yes |
20 |
19% |
|
|
No |
84 |
81% |
|
|
7. |
Source of information |
|
|
|
Mass media |
18 |
17% |
|
|
Books |
2 |
2% |
The data shown in table no. 1 depict the percentage and frequency of characteristics which shows that majority 63 (61%) of staff nurses were in the age group of 20 - 25 years and 41 (39%) participants were in the age of 26 - 31 years. Majority 73 (70%) participants were females. 31(30%) participants were males.
The majority of staff nurses participated in the study were diploma in nursing 85(82%) and 18% were graduates in nursing. Majority of the staff nurses 74 (71%) work in critical areas and 30 (29 %) were working in general ward. Majority of the staff nurses 92 (88%) less than 2.5 years of clinical experience. and 12 (12 %) had clinical experience above the 2.5 years and below 5
years. Majority of the staff nurses 84 (81%) had no previous information regarding stem cell banking, Only 20 (19%) participants were aware about the umbilical stem cell banking and. Majority of the staff nurses 18(17%) of them had media as their source of information and 2 (2%) had exposure during books.
Table N0. 2 Mean± S.D, Mean score of knowledge N=104
|
Knowledge Score |
Mean + SD |
Median |
Range Score |
Mean % |
|
16.5±6.16 |
17 |
5-34 |
15.8 |
This table no.2 reveals that overall mean score ± SD for Nursing staff was 16.5±6.16 and mean percentage was 15.8.
The study concluded that the Staff nurses are most important aspect for health personnel. This knowledge is more important in health life. The major part of this study is to be focused on to assess the knowledge among staff nurses and increase the awareness and benefit of umbilical cord blood and its banking. The study concluded that majority of the staff nurses 41% had poor knowledge of umbilical stem cell banking and they want to need in – service education programme for gradually updating the knowledge and awareness of umbilical cord stem cell banking.
· A similar study can be undertaken on a large scale for making more valid generalizations
· The study was conducted in colleges, expectant parents,student nurse and obstetric.
· The study can be done by including other component of quality of life.
· A similar study can be replicated by other research design such as pre-experimental design
· A similar study can be done to provide education programme to enhance the knowledge of staff nurses.
· A similar study can be done on the knowledge, attitude of the pregnant women and doctors.
· An evaluative study can be undertaken to find out the knowledge of staff nurses by government and other private sectors.
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Received on 30.05.2021 Modified on 24.06.2021
Accepted on 11.07.2021 © AandV Publications all right reserved
Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2021; 9(4):429-433.
DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2021.00099