Caplan's Syndrome

Kavitha. D

Tutor, College of Nursing, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Para Medical Science, Coimbatore.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: dkavikumar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Caplan's syndrome is characterized by the presence of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis associated with a specific form of pneumoconiosis, consisting of multiple, well-defined homogeneous rounded opacities on chest X-ray. It develops especially in miners working in anthracite coal-mines and in persons exposed to silica and asbestos. In the development of the disease, genetic factors are considered to play an important role by influencing immunological reactivity of the organism exposed to various heteroantigens. CASE HISTORY: Mr. Nataraj 56 yrs who admitted in a private hospital with cough and shortness of breath in conjunction with features of rheumatoid arthritis, such as painful joints and morning stiffness for the past 2 months.he is the known case of hypertension, asthma.on the day of admission, he was conscious and oriented.he was treated by bronchodialators, steroids, nsaids, antihypertensives.

KEYWORDS: Caplan disease or rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), black lung disease.

INTRODUCTION:

Caplan syndrome is a nodular condition of the lung occurring in dust-exposed persons with either a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or who subsequently develop RA within the following 5–10 years. The nodules in the lung typically occur bilaterally and peripherally, on a background of simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis. There are usually multiple nodules, varying in size from 0.5 to 5.0cm. The nodules typically appear rapidly, often in only a few weeks. Nodules may grow, remain unchanged in size, resolve, or disappear and then reappear. They can calcify, or develop air-fluid levels. It can resemble a giant silicotic nodule. Histologically, they usually have a necrotic center surrounded by a zone of plasma cells and lymphocytes, and often with a peripheral inflammatory zone made of macrophages and neutrophils.

HISTORY:

The syndrome is named after Dr. Anthony Caplan, a physician on the Cardiff Pneumoconiosis Panel, who identified the constellation of findings as a distinct entity in a 1953 publication. He followed this with further articles exploring the disease. Caplan syndrome was originally described in coal miners with progressive massive fibrosis. (5)(6)

Caplan's syndrome (or Caplan disease or rheumatoid pneumoconiosis) is a combination of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pneumoconiosis that manifests as intrapulmonary nodules, which appear homogenous, well-defined on chest ray (2)

EPIDEMIOLOGY:

Approximately 1 in 100, 000 people but is likely to fall as the coal mining industry declines. It has also been shown to occur in cases of complicated silicosis (marked by progressive massive pneumoconiosis). (3)

CAUSES:

Caplan syndrome occurs only in patients with both RA and pneumoconiosis related to mining dust (coal, asbestos, silica). The condition occurs in miners (especially those working in anthracite coal-mines), asbestosis, silicosis and other pneumoconioses. There is probably also a genetic predisposition, and smoking is thought to be an aggravating factor.

Classification asymptomatic anthracosis (due to anthracite coal), pigment accumulates without a perceptile cellular reaction.

According to the severity of the lung scaring two types simple (cwp), completed cwp (2)(5)

SIGNS SYMPTOMS:

Caplan syndrome presents with cough and shortness of breath in conjunction with features of rheumatoid arthritis, such as painful joints and morning stiffness.

Examination should reveal tender, swollen metacarpophalangeal joints and rheumatoid nodules; auscultation of the chest may reveal diffuse crackles that do not disappear on coughing or taking a deep breath. (3)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:

The presence of rheumatoid arthritis alters how a person's immune system responds to foreign materials, such as dust from a coal mine.^[1] When a person with rheumatoid arthritis is exposed to such offensive materials, they are at an increased risk of developing pneumoconiosis. (1)(2)

DIAGNOSIS:

Chest radiology shows multiple, round, well defined nodules, usually 0.5-2.0 cm in diameter, which may cavitate and resemble tuberculosis.

Lung function tests may reveal a mixed restrictive and obstructive ventilatory defect with a loss of lung volume. There may also be irreversible airflow limitation and a reduced DLCO. (4)

Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, and non-organ specific antibodies may be present in the serum. Silicosis and asbestosis must be considered in the differential with TB.

MANAGEMENT:

Once tuberculosis has been excluded, treatment is with steroids. All exposure to coal dust must be stopped, and smoking cessation should be attempted. Rheumatoid arthritis should be treated normally with early use of DMARDs.(6)

PROGNOSIS:

The nodules may pre-date the appearance of rheumatoid arthritis by several years. Otherwise prognosis is as for RA; lung disease may remit spontaneously, but pulmonary fibrosis may also progress. (5)

REFERENCES:

1. Murray, John F. (2010). Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 1566. ISBN 978-1-4160-4710-0.

2. Ondrasík M (1989). "Caplan syndrome". Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology. 3 (1): 205–10. doi:10.1016/S0950-3579(89)80045-7. PMID 2661027.

3. Caplan A (March 1953). "Certain unusual radiological appearances in the chest of coal-miners suffering from rheumatoid arthritis". Thorax. 8 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1136/thx.8.1.29. PMC 1019224. PMID 13038735.

4. Caplan, Anthony (1953). "Certain Unusual Radiological Appearances in the Chest of Coal-miners Suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis". Thorax. 8 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1136/thx.8.1.29. ISSN 0040-6376. PMC 1019224. PMID 13038735.

5. Miall, W. E.; Anthony Caplan; A. L. Cochrane; G. S. Kilpatrick; P. D. Oldham (1953-12-05). "Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated with Characteristic Chest X-ray Appearances in Coal-workers". British Medical Journal. 2 (4848): 1231–1236. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4848.1231. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 2030245. PMID 13106392.

6. Caplan, A.; R. B. Payne; J. L. Withey (September 1962). "A Broader Concept of Caplan Syndrome Related to Rheumatoid Factors". Thorax. 17 (3): 205 212. doi:10.1136/thx.17.3.205. ISSN 0040-6376. PMC 1018697. PMID 13876317

Received on 12.11.2020 Modified on 10.12.2020

Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2021; 9(1):123-124.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2660.2021.00031.4