A Descriptive Study to assess the knowledge regarding effects of Skipping breakfast among mothers of school children in selected community areas at Kollam
Ms. Nikitha Joy1, Ms. Parvathy1, Ms. Praisey Amala Prasad1, Ms. Punnya S Murali1, Ms. Sandra Cheriyan1, Mrs. Jyothilakshmi2
1Nursing Students of Bishop Benziger College of Nursing, Kollam
2Department of Community Health Nursing, Bishop Benziger College of Nursing, Kollam
*Corresponding Author E-mail: punnyasmurali@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The study entitled “A study to assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children in selected community areas at Kollam.” The objectives of study was to assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children in selected community areas of Pallithottam at Kollam. To find out the association between knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children and selected demographic variables. To develop knowledge in mothers about effects of skipping breakfast of school children through palmlets. Non experimental research design was a used for this study. The sample compromised of 30 mothers of school going children in selected community area of Pallithottam, Kollam. The sampling technique selected for present study was non probability convenience sampling. The data collected were analyzed by using inferential statics. The result shows that out of 30 samples 27% of mothers have inadequate knowledge and 46% has moderate knowledge regarding the effect of skipping breakfast in school children. It was completed to determine that there was no significant association between knowledge regarding effect of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children and selected demographic variables.
KEYWORDS: Nutritional supplement, Concentration, Coordination.
INTRODUCTION:
Skipping of breakfast is very common in school going children. Breakfast is commonly known as brain food and it is important meal for the growth. The nutritional supplement cannot replace the breakfast requirement. Skipping of the breakfast can be lead to the poor concentration, high blood pressure, fatigue, obesity, irritability and also serious effect on the intellectual ability. Eating breakfast is essential for all ages, especially for children and adolescents.
It is observed that children who eat breakfast are more likely to have better concentration, problem-solving skills and eye-hand coordination. They may also be more alert and creative1.
Breakfast give fuel to the body and brain, after an overnight fast. Without breakfast children effectively running on empty as like trying to start the car without petrol. Breakfast should be eaten within 2 hours of waking. A healthy breakfast should be provided calories about the range of 20-35% of daily allowance. Breakfasts are good sources of important nutrients such as calcium, iron and B vitamins as well as protein and fibre. Breakfast provides a major proportion of the day’s total nutrient intake. Breakfast offers the opportunity to eat foods fortified with nutrients such as iron, vitamin B, folate and fibre2.
Breakfast can be good for waistline for the children’s. Breakfast helps to restore glucose levels, carbohydrate which is to be needed for the brain to function. Breakfast also improves memory and concentration levels and it makes to improve mood and low stress levels. Breakfast is the first meal of the day. A healthy breakfast refuels the body and replenishes the blood sugar (glucose), giving the energy necessary to start a new day. It is proven that breakfast is good for both physical and mental health1. Most of the breakfast skippers take food alone or with friends and their negative emotional status was significantly higher. Academic performance of students who eat breakfast was significantly high3.
Breakfast mainly suggested for a critical feature of eating regimens that is associated with a healthier intake of nutrients, BMI and lifestyle. Many studies have shown that the importance of taking breakfast to the body's wellbeing. Moreover breakfast enhances intellectual capacity, concentration, attention and academic performance. The eating behaviour of individuals is affected by a large number of factors including psychological, socio-cultural and educational factors4. It is very critical to identify who are at higher risk of breakfast skipping and what the reasons are behind such behaviour5.
OBJECTIVES:
· To assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children in selected community areas at Kollam.
· To find out the association between knowledge regarding effect of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children and selected demographic variable.
To develop the knowledge in mother about effects of skipping breakfast through pamphlet.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
1. Studies related to prevalence of skipping breakfast among schoolchildren:
A descriptive study was conducted in Mangalore to assess the prevalence of breakfast skipping and its associated factors among nursing students were determined by surveying 349 students. They used purposive sampling method for selection of samples. Information collected by using checklist. The baseline proforma included variables such as age, gender, marital status, qualification, religion, type of family, type of diet, most skipping meal. The master sheet was prepared and coded data was entered. The frequency and percentage of the baseline variables were analyzed. Chi-square test was used to find the association. The present study concluded that breakfast skipping is common among undergraduates nursing students who are the part of health care industry.12
A cross-sectional study was conducted in two private schools in Abu Dhabi to examine the relationship between breakfast consumption and academic performance among130 females between the ages of 15 and 19 years. Here convenience sampling technique was used to select the study population. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was used to assess the student’s breakfast consumption habits and its association between breakfast intake and academic performance of the students. The academic performance of students was assessed via the grades they scored in the final exams of the first semester of the 2015-2016 academic year. Correlation and regression were calculated and interpreted to look for any statistical significance between the variables at ≤ 0.05. It revealed that breakfast consumption is highly associated with nutrition adequacy among children and adolescents. The results of the study was 62% of the 130 students eat breakfast regularly. The result reveals that, breakfast consumption have an association with increased academic performance among high school female students. The association was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.00). The study findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between breakfast intake and the student’s scores. That is, regular breakfast consumption improves students’ academic performance, and also the performance of students who frequently skip breakfast is lower.13
An exploratory cross sectional study was conducted to assess the effect of breakfast skipping on nutritional status and school performance of 10-16 years old children of Udupi district. They used convenience sampling technique for selection of samples. The estimated sample size was 195 school children from 3 selected schools in Udupi district. Inclusion criteria include school children of age between 10-16 years. Data was collected from selected samples then tabulated and analyzed over a period of 4 months. Tools used were interview schedule, Kuppuswamy scale (2007). The demographic variables such as anthropometric measurement like current weight, height, body mass index were collected and analyzed using WHO criteria. Chi-square and t-tests were used for the statistical analysis. The study concluded that the prevalence of breakfast skipping among school going children aged 10-16 years old is 23.50% in selected areas of Udupi district. Breakfast skipping affects a number of parameters like memory, concentration and attention of students. Thus, skipping breakfast affects both the nutritional status and the school performance of the students.14
A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted in elementary and secondary schools in the north of Jordan in Mafraq Governorate, between September and October 2014. It was conducted to determine the prevalence of breakfast consumption and to assess the nutritional status of students who are the age group of 12-18 years. They used convenience sampling technique for sample collection. They provide structured questionnaire for data collection and allowed 12-15 minutes to complete all parts of the questionnaire. It had three parts containing a total of 11 questions. During data analysis data were entered, tabulated, coded, and analyzed. Means, frequency and standard deviation were computed. The chi-square test was used to compare the differences between the variable of breakfast consumption. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to determine the predictive factors for breakfast skipping and the statistical significance was considered as P<0.05. The prevalence of breakfast consumption was 52.3%, statistically decreasing with age. The findings of the study shows that the prevalence of breakfast consumption was 52.3% and breakfast consumption appeared greater among boys than girls, although there is no statistically significant difference.15
2. Studies related to knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast:
A study to assess the breakfast consumption pattern among the college girl students in Coimbatore in Tamilnadu. The study was carried out for the period of three months from December 2015 to February 2016.A total study sample was 20 students including 10day scholars and 10 hostel students. A random sampling method was adopted in this study. Ten hostel students belonging to private hostel and college hostel and others are day scholars. A validated questionnaire was used to collect the data. It includes dietary habit, breakfast skipping pattern and the frequency of skipping. Anthropometric indices such as height, weight and waist hip ratio were also measured. Chi-square test was applied to find out the significance between two variables. Majority of the selected girls (85%) were in the age group of 18 years, in that 50% of the girls were hostlers and the remaining 50% were day scholars. The study result shows that majority of the hostel students (40%) skipped the breakfast when compared to the day scholars (35%). Majority of the students were in the normal BMI category. And most of the selected students had a greater waist hip ratio. The results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at decreased skipping breakfast among college students. Eating breakfast every day is associated with having a healthy body weight, likely due to a more even distribution of energy intake across meals throughout the day.16
An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a public university in Kuala Lumpur to assess the prevalence of breakfast skipping and its associated factors. In this study conducted among random samples of 2665 undergraduates. Data collection was done through a self-administered pre-tested questionnaire. The prevalence of breakfast skipping was 29.2%. the samples majority in Arts and Economics had 1.4 times risk of breakfast skipping than in Life Sciences. The students who were skipped breakfast two times more when compared to dinner. The study result shows breakfast skipping significantly associated with age, race, accommodation, and skipping dinner. (p<0.05) In conclusion the prevalence of breakfast skipping among the undergraduates of this university was moderately high.17
3. Studies related to structured teaching programme on effects of skipping breakfast:
A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge and practice regarding prevention of obesity among adolescents in selected schools of Bangalore district. The study was conducted in 60 students studying in Siddhartha residential high school of Koththanur of Bangalore district were selected by convenience sampling technique by the investigator. One group pre -test post- test research design was selected in the present study. A self-administered knowledge questionnaire was developed for assessing the knowledge regarding prevention of obesity and a self-reported rating scale to assess the practice on prevention of obesity. Reliability was established by split-half method using the Spearman Brown Prophecy formula. The reliability co- efficient of the tool was found to be 0.8715, which showed that the tool was reliable. 60 students filled the questionnaire and it is followed by administration of planned teaching programme. Post test was conducted after 8 days with the same questionnaire. Paired t-test was used to find the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge and practice of students. Chi square test was conducted to test the association between selected socio demographic variables and knowledge scores. The present study result shows that there is a significant difference between pre -test and post- test knowledge scores among adolescents regarding prevention of obesity and there is a significant association between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores and practical scores with selected socio demographic variables of adolescents such as gender, age group, previous information and type of family.18
A study to assess the effectiveness of computer assisted teaching on the level of knowledge regarding the effects of junk foods on health among the adolescent children in a selected school at Erode, Tamilnadu. Pre experimental research design was adopted in this study. In this study the sample size was 60 adolescent children studying in Kongu Kalvi Nilayam Matriculation Higher Secondary school, Erode. Pre-experimental design one group pre and posttest design was selected to evaluate the effectiveness of computer assisted teaching on knowledge regarding the effects of junk food on health among the samples. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The reliability of the tool was ascertained by test retest method. Reliability co efficient was r=0.9 and the tool were found to be reliable for the study. Pilot study was conducted in Navarasam Matriculation Higher Secondary school Palliyuthu at Erode District among 10 adolescent children, who fulfilled the sample selection criteria. The study was found to be feasible. The main study was conducted in Kongu Kalvi Nilayam, Erode District. Prior permission from the authorities was sought and obtained. Non probability convenience sampling technique was used to select the samples and informed consent was obtained. After seven days of the computer assisted teaching post test was done. The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted manually. The result shows that the selected demographic variables such as Age, Gender, Religion, Class of studying, Type of family, Monthly income, Education of the father, Education of the mother, occupation of the father, occupation of the mother, were not significant with the posttest level of knowledge at P>0.05.Hence the Hypothesis (H2) was accepted. There is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding the Effects of junk foods on health among Adolescent children.19
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the correlation between Skipping breakfast and its effects on the emotional and academic behaviour of a group of medical students of first Professional MBBS at Princes Nourah Bint Abdulrahman Women University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was a questionnaire based study. It that, students were divided into two groups based on those who took breakfast frequently (Group 1) and those who skip breakfast (Group 2). The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part of the questionnaire include the details of the type of breakfast and the reasons for of skipping breakfast while the second part included aspects of negative feelings and general academic performance of students. Total 100 samples are selected in this study by using purposive sampling method. The study shows that, factors associated with skipping breakfast in a group of Medical students were 40% and they usually take breakfast after 1-2 lectures. The remaining 60% only take lunch. The identified reasons for skipping breakfast generally included getting up late, not being hungry enough or not liking the food. Academic performance of students who eat breakfast was significantly high. Negative emotional status of breakfast skipper was significantly greater (P<0.001). Inversely the academic performance of breakfast eater was significant higher (P<0.001) compared to breakfast skippers The study concluded that breakfast plays a significant role in the proper nutrition of students and has a high impact on behaviour and academic performance of the students.20
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Methods:
As per the nature of the problem selected for the study and the objectives to be accomplished, a quanlitative approach was considered for the present study and a Non experimental descriptive survey research design was adopted. The present study includes research variable and demographic variable. The research setting was Anugraha Nagar at Pallithottam, Kollam. The sampling technique selected for present study was non probability convenience sampling.
Tools / instruments:
Self-structured knowledge questionnaire related to effects of skipping breakfast was adopted as tool for data collection.
Data collection:
The study data collection was conducted on 18-12-2018 on the same day pamphlets are issued to mothers of schoolchildren. The setting of the study was at Anugraha Nagar Pallithottam and the samples size was 30 and samples are mothers of school children from Anugraha Nagar in Pallithottam, Kollam. Consent was taken from the samples prior to data collection.
Data analysis:
The data has been analyzed on the basis of objectives and assumptions of the study. The data collected were organized, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Section 1
Description of samples according to their demographic variables would be analyzed using frequency and percentage.
Section 2
Description of knowledge regarding the effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children would be analyzed using frequency and percentage.
Section 3
Find out the association between knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children and selected demographic variables would be analyzed using chi square value.
Figure 1: Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution of samples according to their age. (N=30)
The data in the figure shows that out of 30 samples 33% belongs to the age group of 30-35 years and also 33% belongs to the age of 36-40 years. 23% were of 41 to 45years and rest that is 10% belongs to 46-50 years of age.
Figure 2: Pie diagram showing percentage wise distribution of samples of according to their education. (N=30)
Out of 30 samples majority of the samples 57% were having education up to High school, 27% were with primary education and 17% were with degree.
Figure 3: Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution of samples according to their occupation. (N=30)
Out of 30 samples 90% were unemployed they are house wives, 7% were self-employees, 3% were private employee and no government employees.
Figure4: The conical diagram showing percentage wise distribution of samples based on their socioeconomic status. (N=30
The data in the figure shows that out of 30 samples 80% of samples were in BPL and 20% were in APL.
Figure 5: Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution of samples according to the reason for skipping breakfast among mothers of school children. (N=30)
The data in the figure shows that out of 30 samples 37% of children were skipping breakfast due to the fear of examination and 37% due to dislike towards food, 17% were due to lack of hunger and 10% are due to lack of time.
Section 2
Assessing the knowledge regarding the effect of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children.
Figure 6: Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution of level of knowledge of mothers regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children. (N=30)
The data in the figure shows that out of 30 samples 27% of mothers have inadequate knowledge 46% has moderate knowledge and 27% had adequate knowledge regarding the effect of skipping breakfast in school children.
Table 2: Chi square value showing association of knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children with selected demographic variables. (N=30)
|
Sl. No |
Demographic variable |
Knowledge scores |
Degree of Freedom |
Chi square |
Significant or not |
||
|
in adequate |
moderate |
adequate |
|||||
|
1 |
Age of mother |
||||||
|
|
30-35 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
3.166 |
NS** |
|
|
36-40 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|||
|
|
41-45 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
|||
|
|
46-50 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
|||
|
2 |
Education |
||||||
|
|
Primary education |
1 |
6 |
2 |
4 |
4.679 |
NS** |
|
|
High school |
4 |
4 |
2 |
|||
|
|
Degree |
3 |
8 |
4 |
|||
|
3 |
Occupation |
||||||
|
|
Un employed |
2 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
3.998 |
NS** |
|
|
Self employed |
1 |
3 |
1 |
|||
|
|
Private employee |
2 |
4 |
4 |
|||
|
|
Government employee |
3 |
4 |
2 |
|||
|
4 |
Socio economic Status |
||||||
|
|
APL |
5 |
9 |
6 |
2 |
4.442 |
NS** |
|
|
BPL |
3 |
5 |
2 |
|||
|
5 |
Reason of skipping |
||||||
|
|
lack of time |
2 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
3.766 |
NS** |
|
|
Dislike towards food |
2 |
2 |
1 |
|||
|
|
Lack of hunger |
1 |
4 |
3 |
|||
|
|
Fear of examination |
3 |
5 |
3 |
|||
* S-Significant, ** NS- Not significant
The table shows that the degree of freedom for age and knowledge was 6 and the chi square value 3.166 which was lesser than table value 12.59 at 0.05 level of significance. So no association was found between age and knowledge. In the case of education, the degree of freedom 4 and the chi square value 4.679 which was lesser than table value 9.49 at 0.05 level of significance. So no significant association was found between education and knowledge. In occupation the degree of freedom was 4 and the chi square value3.998 which was lesser than table value 9.49 at 0.05 level of significance. So no association was found between occupation and knowledge. In the case of socio economic status the degree of freedom 2 and the chi square value 4.442 which was lesser than table value 5.99at 0.05 level of significance. So no significant association was found between socio economic status and knowledge. In source of information the degree of freedom was 4 and the chi square value is 1.423 which was lesser than table value 9.49 at 0.05 level of significance. So no association was found between source of information and knowledge. The reason for skipping of breakfast the degree of freedom was 6 and the chi square value 3.766 which was lesser than table value 12.59 at 0.05 level of significance. So no association was found between reason of skipping of breakfast and knowledge.
RESULT:
This chapter deals with the findings of the present study. The present study was under taken to assess the knowledge regarding effect of skipping breakfast among mothers of schoolchildren in selected community areas at Kollam. The data was analyzed on the basis of objectives and assumptions of the study.
OBJECTIVES:
· To assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children.
· To find out the association between knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children and selected demographic variables.
· To develop knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children through pamlets.
RESULTS:
The result was computed under three sections.
Section 1
Description of samples according to their demographic variables would be analyzed using frequency and percentage:
The data shows that out of 30 samples 33% belongs to the age group of 30-35 years and also 33% belongs to age of 36-40 years. 23% were of 41 to 45years and rest that is 10% belongs to 46-50 years of age. And there were no illiterates in the samples under study. Majority of the samples were having education up to High school that is 57%, 27%were with primary education and 17% were with degree. And also 90% of samples were unemployed they are house wives, 7% were self-employees, 3% is private employee and no government employees. In case of socio economic status 80% of samples were in BPL and 20% were in APL. In case of reason of skipping breakfast 37% of children were skipping breakfast on the fear of examination and due to dislike towards food, 17% were due to lack of hunger and 17% are due to lack of time.
Section 2
Description of knowledge regarding the effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children would be analyzed using frequency and percentage:
The data shows that out of 30 samples 27% of mothers have inadequate knowledge and 27% have adequate knowledge rest 46% has moderate knowledge regarding the effect of skipping breakfast in school children. So now the first hypothesis was accepted mothers have some knowledge regarding the effect of skipping breakfast on school children mothers.
Section 3
Find out the association between knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children selected demographic variables would be analyzed using chi square value:
In the present study showed there was no significant association between selected demographic variables like knowledge, age, education, occupation, socio economic status, source of information and no significant association between reason for skipping breakfast (calculated value greater than tabulated value at 0.05 level of significance).
DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
This chapter presents with the major findings of the study and discuss them in relation to similar studies conducted by other investigators. It is also followed by the summary of the findings. Then the implications and recommendations for professional practice and future research will be explored. This chapter will continue with limitations and brief summary.
Discussion:
The present study “A study to assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children in selected community areas at Kollam.” The objectives of study were to assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school. To find out the association between knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children and selected demographic variables. To develop knowledge in mothers about effects of skipping breakfast of school children through pamphlets. Non experimental research design was a used for this study. The sample compromised of 30 mothers of school going children in selected community area of Pallithottam, Kollam. The sampling technique selected for present study was non probability convenience sampling.
Discussion of findings with other studies based on objectives:
Assess knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among school children:
A study to assess the breakfast consumption pattern among the college girl students in Coimbatore in Tamilnadu. The study was carried out for the period of three months from December 2015 to February 2016.A total study sample was 20 students including 10day scholars and 10 hostel students. A random sampling method was adopted in this study. Ten hostel students belonging to private hostel and college hostel and others are day scholars. A validated questionnaire was used to collect the data. It includes dietary habit, breakfast skipping pattern and the frequency of skipping. Anthropometric indices such as height, weight and waist hip ratio were also measured. Chi-square test was applied to find out the significance between two variables. The study result shows that majority of the selected girls (85%) were in the age group of 18 years, in that 50% of the girls were hostlers and the remaining 50% were day scholars. The study result shows that majority of the hostel students (40%) skipped the breakfast when compared to the day scholars (35%). Majority of the students were in the normal BMI category. And most of the selected students had a greater waist hip ratio. The results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at decreased skipping breakfast among college students. Eating breakfast every day is associated with having a healthy body weight, likely due to a more even distribution of energy intake across meals throughout the day.16
The present study shows that out of 30 samples 27% of mothers have inadequate knowledge 46% has moderate knowledge and 27% had adequate knowledge regarding the effect of skipping breakfast in school children.
To assess the association between demographic variables and knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among school children:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in two private schools in Abu Dhabi to examine the relationship between breakfast consumption and academic performance among 130 females between the ages of 15 and 19 years. Here convenience sampling technique was used to select the study population. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was used to assess the student’s breakfast consumption habits and its association between breakfast intake and academic performance of the students. The academic performance of students was assessed via the grades they scored in the final exams of the first semester of the 2015-2016 academic year. Correlation and regression were calculated and interpreted to look for any statistical significance between the variables at ≤ 0.05. It revealed that breakfast consumption is highly associated with nutrition adequacy among children and adolescents. The results of the study was 62% of the 130 students eat breakfast regularly. The result reveals that, breakfast consumption have an association with increased academic performance among high school female students. The association was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.00). The study findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between breakfast intake and the student’s scores. That is, regular breakfast consumption improves students’ academic performance, and also the performance of students who frequently skip breakfast is lower.13
The correlation between breakfast intake and student score was calculated to find if there is any significant association between the two variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient was found to be 0.455. The positive value suggests that as breakfast consumption increases, the school scores increase too. The results were found to be highly significant p < 0.001. The results of further analysis based on the showed that breakfast intake has a significant association with the scores as compared to other independent variables (B = 6.567). The association was found to be highly significant (p = 0.00) and it falls within the range of confidence interval.
In the present study there is no association between selected demographic variables and knowledge.
Summary:
This study was undertaken to assess knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of schoolchildren in selected community area, Kollam.A qualitative research approach was selected with descriptive survey design. Non probability convenience sampling was used. The sample size was 30. The researcher assessed the knowledge by using self-structured questionnaire.
Objectives
· To assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children in selected community areas of Kollam.
· To find out the association between knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children and selected demographic variables.
· To develop knowledge in mothers about effects of skipping breakfast through pamphlets.
CONCLUSION:
The present study aimed to assess the knowledge regarding effects of skipping breakfast among mothers of school children in selected community area, Kollam. The chi square test was used to find out the association between effectiveness of self-instructional module on effects of skipping breakfast and demographic variables.
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Received on 25.11.2019 Modified on 17.12.2019
Accepted on 07.01.2020 © A&V Publications all right reserved
Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2020; 8(2):186-194.
DOI: 10.5958/2454-2660.2020.00042.3