Circadian Rhythm

 

Ms. Sneha Dubey

Suretech College of Nursing, Nagpur

 

ABSTRACT:

The term circadian comes from the Latin CIRCA meaning around and DIEM meaning day. the formal study of biological temporal rhythms, such as daily tidal, weekly seasonal and annual rhythms is chronobiology (1) human biological rhythm are largely determined by genetic coding, with input from the external environment influencing the cyclic effect (2)

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

DEFINITION:

Circadian rhythm is human follow a near -24-hours cycle and many influence a variety of regulatory function, including the sleep –wake cycle, body temperature regulation, patterns of activity such as drinking and hormonal secretion

 

BIOPATHOLOGY OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM:

A part of your hypothalamus a portion of your brain controls your circadian rhythm. That said outside factor like lightness and darkness can also impact it. When dark at night your eyes send a signal to the hypothalamus that it’s time to feel tired. Your brain in turn sends a signal to your body to release melatonin, which makes your body tired.

 

 

 

 

 

 

That’s why your circadian rhythm tends to coincide wi9th the cycle of day time and night time Your circadian rhythm works best when you have regular sleep habits like going to bed at night and walking up in the morning around the same time day to day(3)

 

The main factor is sleep in circadian rhythm at night that is circadian rhythm sleep.

 

 

Fig.1.Biopathology of Circadian Rhythm

 

Fig.2.Normal Circadian Rhythm Cycle

 

SLEEP:

Sleep can be define as a normal state of altered consciousness during which the body rest it is characterized nby7 decreased responsive to the environment and a person can be around from it by external stimuli (4)

 

Sleep can be measured by the types of brain waves that occur during various stages of sleep activity

The sleep –wake cycle is represent by six distinct stages (5)

a)    NERM

b)   REM

 

In NREM STAGE

STAGE 0-ALPHA RHYTHM:

This stage of the sleep wake cycle is characterized by a relaxed waking state with eye closed

 

STATE 1 – BETA RHYTHM: It includes

·      Lightest level of sleep

·      This stage last a few minutes

·      Sensory such as noise easily arouse sleeper

·      If awakened person feels as through day dreaming has occurred

 

STAGE 2- THETA RHYTHM:

It includes

·      Includes period of sound sleep relaxation progress

·      Arousal is still relatively easy

·      Stage last 10-20 mins

·      Body function continuous to slow

 

 

 

 

STAGE 3-DELTA RHYTHM:

It includes

·      It involves initial stage of deep sleep

·      Sleeper is difficult to arouse and rarely moves

·      Oxygen consumption

·      Vital sign decline by remain regular

·      Stage last for 15-30 mins

 

STAGE -4 DELTA RHYTHM

·      It is deepest stage of sleep

·      It is very difficult to arouse sleeper

·      Vital signs are significantly lower than during waking hours

·      Stage last approximately 15-30 mins

·      Sleep walking and enuresis sometimes occurs

 

REM –BETA RHYTHM

·      The dream cycle

·      Eyes dart about beneath closed eyelids, moving more rapidly than when a week

 

The brain waves patter is similar to that when stage 1 sleep.

Heart and respiration rates increase and blood pressure may increases or decreases. Muscles are hypotonic during REM sleep.

Fig.iii.Sleep Cycle

 

NORMAL SLEEP REQUIREMENTS:

·      Newborns (0-3 months): 14-17 hours each day.

·      Infants (4-11 months): 12-15 hours each day.

·      Toddlers (1-2 years): 11-14 hours each day.

·      Preschoolers (3-5): 10-13 hours each day.

·      School age children (6-13): 9-11 hours each day.

·      Teenagers (14-17): 8-10 hours each day.

·      Younger adults (18-25): 7-9 hours each day.

·      Adults (26-64): 7-9 hours each day.

·      Older adults (65+): 7-8 hours each day. (6)

 

LIST OF SLEEPING DISORDER:

·      Dyssomias

·      Parasomias

·      Insomnia

·      Narcolepsy

·      Sleep apnea

·      Circadian rhythm disorder

·      Shift work (7)

 

NEUROCHEMICAL INFLUENCES:

·      Serotonin and nor epinephrine both appear to be most active during non –REM sleep

·      Acetylcholine is activated during REM sleep (8)

·      Neuroendocrine mechanisms seem to be more closely tried to circadian rhythm than to the sleep wake cycle

·      One expectation is growth hormone secretion which exhibits increase during the early sleep periods and may be associated with slow wake sleep (9)

 

CONCLUSION:

Circadian rhythm is a human biological rhythm is likely determined by genetic coding with input from external environment influencing the cyclic effect.

 

 

 

ACKNOLOGEMNET:

I would like to thanks to my parents, Mr.Neeraj G. Bausker(Residence medical officer)andMs.SavitaDhoble (M.SC (N) Medical Surgical Nursing-II Lecturer)

 

REFERENCES:

1.     Vitaternal MH, Takahashi JS. Turek FW (2001) overview of circadian rhythm “Alcohol research and health 25(2)”:58-93 PMID 11584554

2.     Lis, C.G, Grutsh, J.F., Wood, p., YOU, m., Rich, I., and Hrushesky, W.I (2003).Circadian timining in cancer treatment.The biological foundation for an integrative approach.Integrative cancer Therapies 2(2), 105-111

3.     https://sleepfoundation.org/whatis circadian rhythm

4.     “Brain baries; understating sleep”, office of communication and public liaison, nation institute of neurological disorder and stroke, US.2017

5.     Rosa Peraita-Adrados, electroencephalography polysomnography and other sleep recording system chapter 5 in parmaffiani and velluti (2005)

6.     Hirshkouitz, max; whiten kaitlyn; el al (14 Jan 2015) national sleep foundation sleep time duration recommendations methodology and results summery sleep health, Elsevier in C 1(1): 40-43 DOI: 10.1016/J.Sleh.2014.12.010.

7.     Randall, David K (19 SEP 2012) “Book excerpt: how the light bulb disrupted our sleeping patter and changed the world. national post

8.     Skude4v, S (2008). Neurophysiology and neuro chemistry of sleep Retrieved June 12, 2008 from http://www.health stairs.com /sleep mechanism, php

9.     Van cauter, E., kerkhofs, M caufiez, A., Vanonderbertgen, A., thorener, M.O., and Copinschi, G. (1992) Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 74, 1441-1450

 

 

 

 

 

 

Received on 21.06.2018           Modified on 03.08.2018

Accepted on 06.09.2018     © A&V Publications all right reserved